Parallelism in King Lear by William Shakespeare’s Works
• Introduction
Defenition of Parallelism
Parallelism is the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. Parallelism examples are found in literary works as well as in ordinary conversations.
This method adds balance and rhythm to sentences giving ideas a smoother flow and thus can be persuasive because of the repetition it employs. For example, “Alice ran into the room, into the garden, and into our hearts.” We see the repetition of a phrase that not only gives the sentence a balance but rhythm and flow as well. This repetition can also occur in similar structured clauses e.g. “Whenever you need me, wherever you need me, I will be there for you.”
Examples of Parallelism in Literature
In literature, parallelism is used in different ways to impress upon the readers in order to convey messages or moral lessons.
Function of Parallelism
The use of parallel structures in speech or writing allows speakers and writers to maintain a consistency within their work and create a balanced flow of ideas. Moreover, it can be employed as a tool for persuasion as well because of the repetition it uses.
Parallelism in literature uses the same idea to appeal to the reader or make something memorable, but with a much grander intention. In literature, parallelism is used to convey messages of morality and emphasize ideas. It is very common in proverbs from all around the world. A proverb is a popular expression that is used to reveal a human truth or experience.
Why Study Shakespeare?
Why parallelism interisting to study ?
The Reasons Behind Shakespeare's Influence and Popularity
"He was not of an age, but for all time!" .While most people know that Shakespeare is the best author in literature . The following are the top four reasons why Shakespeare has stood the test of time.
1) Illumination of the Human Experience
Shakespeare’s ability to summarize the range of human emotions in simple yet profoundly eloquent verse is perhaps the greatest reason for his enduring popularity. If you cannot find words to express how you feel about love or music or growing older, Shakespeare can speak for you. No author in the Western world has penned more beloved passages. Shakespeare's work is the reason John Bartlett compiled the first major book of familiar quotations.
Here are some examples of Shakespeare's most popular passages:
• The seven ages of man
• Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
• We band of brothers
• The green-eyed monster
• What's in a name?
• Now is the winter of our discontent
• If music be the food of love
2) Great Stories
William Shakespeare was the most remarkable storyteller that the world has ever known. Homer told of adventure and men at war, Sophocles and Tolstoy told of tragedies and of people in trouble. Terence and Mark Twain told comedic stories, Dickens told melodramatic ones, Plutarch told histories and Hand Christian Andersen told fairy tales. But Shakespeare told every kind of story – comedy, tragedy, history, melodrama, adventure, love stories and fairy tales – and each of them so well that they have become immortal. In all the world of storytelling he has become the greatest name. (Stories from Shakespeare, 11)
Shakespeare's stories transcend time and culture. Modern storytellers continue to adapt Shakespeare’s tales to suit our modern world, whether it be the tale of Lear on a farm in Iowa, Romeo and Juliet on the mean streets of New York City, or Macbeth in feudal Japan.
3) Compelling Characters
Shakespeare invented his share of stock characters, but his truly great characters – particularly his tragic heroes – are unequalled in literature, dwarfing even the sublime creations of the Greek tragedians. Shakespeare’s great characters have remained popular because of their complexity; for example, we can see ourselves as gentle Hamlet, forced against his better nature to seek murderous revenge. For this reason Shakespeare is deeply admired by actors, and many consider playing a Shakespearean character to be the most difficult and most rewarding role possible.
• The body of the Essay
As i explain before that parallelism is the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. Parallelism examples are found in literary works as well as in ordinary conversations.
And i get the reference from the book “The Elements of Technical Writing, page 71-125. New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1993
Types of Parallelism :
1. Phonological parallelism
2. Morphological parallelism
3. Syntactical parallelism
4. Semantic parallelism
Phonological Parallelism is Repetition of similar sounds Includes assonance, alliteration, consonance, and rhyme.
Morphological Parallelism is Repetition of Morphemes Less used than Syntactic parallelism e.g “I kissed thee ere I killed thee”
Syntactic Parallelism Focuses more "grammatical“ Short (1985) quotes the following line from Shakespeare's Othello as the "best example ever" of parallelism: Example:1 “I kissed thee ere I killed thee.”
Semantic Parallelism Repetition of lexical items Lexical equivalents need not have the same syntactic function or parts of speech in the two sentences in which they occur May identical in form and in meaning, or they may be related by lexico-semantic relationship, such as synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy.
And now i will analyze about Phonological parallelism in king lear novel by Shakespeare’s works
What is phonological parallelism?
Phonologically parallelism is a repetition of similar sounds. This includes assonance, alliteration, consonance, and rhyme.
- Assonance is a repetition of vowel sounds. In that example, the "ur" sound is repeated several times to give the line a certain sound.
- Alliteration is a repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of the words
- Consonance is the repetition of the same consonant several times in a row, but this time the consonants can appear anywhere in the words. For example, "clammy Tammy."
- Rhyme is a repetition of similar sounding words. There are a lot of different types of rhyme, but usually they are things like "tap" and "map."
Example and Analysis
Scene 1 :
Page 66
Regan : Till noon,till night ,my lord and all night too !
Kent : Why Madam , if i were your father’s dog, you should not use me so.
Scene 2
Page 87
Kent : Good my lord , good my king , soothe him. Let him take the fellow.,
Gloucester : Take him you on
Scene 3
Page 103
Albany : Who dead ? Who dead ? speak, man .
Gentleman : Your lady ,sir , your lady and her sister by her poisened . she hath conffes’d it.
Scene 4
Page 132
King lear : So young and so untender ?
Cordelia : So young , my lord and true.
Scene 5
Page 144
King Lear : Make no noise , make no noise , draw the curtains. So ,so, so we’ll go to supper in morning .so,so,so
Fool : and i’ll go to bed at noon.
In that example why the author use that language becaus it allows a writer to achieve a sense of rhythm and order.
When sentence structures are not parallel, writing sounds awkward and choppy. Parallel clauses are usually combined with the use of a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
• Conclusion
Shakespeare has a clear and unique way to express human emotions are common place in everyday life. Some of the titles of Shakespeare's works even considered to affect minute by minute use of language, the works include King Lear.
Even in writing his book entitled King Lear , Shakespeare almost quote his own words. It seems that he used to use many symbol to express his feelings.
Some very familiar phrase used in our daily life, and some of which we consider to be a cliche. Regardless, this is actually a separate praise for writers who have gone hundreds of years ago.
William Shakespeare was the most influential writer of all-time, bringing a lyrical element to plays about great kings and poor paupers alike. His iambic pentameter verses utilized a natural rhythm of the English language and his themes as well as his literary devices continue to inspire and influence writers even now in the 21st century.
Defenition of Parallelism
Parallelism is the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. Parallelism examples are found in literary works as well as in ordinary conversations.
This method adds balance and rhythm to sentences giving ideas a smoother flow and thus can be persuasive because of the repetition it employs. For example, “Alice ran into the room, into the garden, and into our hearts.” We see the repetition of a phrase that not only gives the sentence a balance but rhythm and flow as well. This repetition can also occur in similar structured clauses e.g. “Whenever you need me, wherever you need me, I will be there for you.”
Examples of Parallelism in Literature
In literature, parallelism is used in different ways to impress upon the readers in order to convey messages or moral lessons.
Function of Parallelism
The use of parallel structures in speech or writing allows speakers and writers to maintain a consistency within their work and create a balanced flow of ideas. Moreover, it can be employed as a tool for persuasion as well because of the repetition it uses.
Parallelism in literature uses the same idea to appeal to the reader or make something memorable, but with a much grander intention. In literature, parallelism is used to convey messages of morality and emphasize ideas. It is very common in proverbs from all around the world. A proverb is a popular expression that is used to reveal a human truth or experience.
Why Study Shakespeare?
Why parallelism interisting to study ?
The Reasons Behind Shakespeare's Influence and Popularity
"He was not of an age, but for all time!" .While most people know that Shakespeare is the best author in literature . The following are the top four reasons why Shakespeare has stood the test of time.
1) Illumination of the Human Experience
Shakespeare’s ability to summarize the range of human emotions in simple yet profoundly eloquent verse is perhaps the greatest reason for his enduring popularity. If you cannot find words to express how you feel about love or music or growing older, Shakespeare can speak for you. No author in the Western world has penned more beloved passages. Shakespeare's work is the reason John Bartlett compiled the first major book of familiar quotations.
Here are some examples of Shakespeare's most popular passages:
• The seven ages of man
• Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
• We band of brothers
• The green-eyed monster
• What's in a name?
• Now is the winter of our discontent
• If music be the food of love
2) Great Stories
William Shakespeare was the most remarkable storyteller that the world has ever known. Homer told of adventure and men at war, Sophocles and Tolstoy told of tragedies and of people in trouble. Terence and Mark Twain told comedic stories, Dickens told melodramatic ones, Plutarch told histories and Hand Christian Andersen told fairy tales. But Shakespeare told every kind of story – comedy, tragedy, history, melodrama, adventure, love stories and fairy tales – and each of them so well that they have become immortal. In all the world of storytelling he has become the greatest name. (Stories from Shakespeare, 11)
Shakespeare's stories transcend time and culture. Modern storytellers continue to adapt Shakespeare’s tales to suit our modern world, whether it be the tale of Lear on a farm in Iowa, Romeo and Juliet on the mean streets of New York City, or Macbeth in feudal Japan.
3) Compelling Characters
Shakespeare invented his share of stock characters, but his truly great characters – particularly his tragic heroes – are unequalled in literature, dwarfing even the sublime creations of the Greek tragedians. Shakespeare’s great characters have remained popular because of their complexity; for example, we can see ourselves as gentle Hamlet, forced against his better nature to seek murderous revenge. For this reason Shakespeare is deeply admired by actors, and many consider playing a Shakespearean character to be the most difficult and most rewarding role possible.
• The body of the Essay
As i explain before that parallelism is the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. Parallelism examples are found in literary works as well as in ordinary conversations.
And i get the reference from the book “The Elements of Technical Writing, page 71-125. New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1993
Types of Parallelism :
1. Phonological parallelism
2. Morphological parallelism
3. Syntactical parallelism
4. Semantic parallelism
Phonological Parallelism is Repetition of similar sounds Includes assonance, alliteration, consonance, and rhyme.
Morphological Parallelism is Repetition of Morphemes Less used than Syntactic parallelism e.g “I kissed thee ere I killed thee”
Syntactic Parallelism Focuses more "grammatical“ Short (1985) quotes the following line from Shakespeare's Othello as the "best example ever" of parallelism: Example:1 “I kissed thee ere I killed thee.”
Semantic Parallelism Repetition of lexical items Lexical equivalents need not have the same syntactic function or parts of speech in the two sentences in which they occur May identical in form and in meaning, or they may be related by lexico-semantic relationship, such as synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy.
And now i will analyze about Phonological parallelism in king lear novel by Shakespeare’s works
What is phonological parallelism?
Phonologically parallelism is a repetition of similar sounds. This includes assonance, alliteration, consonance, and rhyme.
- Assonance is a repetition of vowel sounds. In that example, the "ur" sound is repeated several times to give the line a certain sound.
- Alliteration is a repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of the words
- Consonance is the repetition of the same consonant several times in a row, but this time the consonants can appear anywhere in the words. For example, "clammy Tammy."
- Rhyme is a repetition of similar sounding words. There are a lot of different types of rhyme, but usually they are things like "tap" and "map."
Example and Analysis
Scene 1 :
Page 66
Regan : Till noon,till night ,my lord and all night too !
Kent : Why Madam , if i were your father’s dog, you should not use me so.
Scene 2
Page 87
Kent : Good my lord , good my king , soothe him. Let him take the fellow.,
Gloucester : Take him you on
Scene 3
Page 103
Albany : Who dead ? Who dead ? speak, man .
Gentleman : Your lady ,sir , your lady and her sister by her poisened . she hath conffes’d it.
Scene 4
Page 132
King lear : So young and so untender ?
Cordelia : So young , my lord and true.
Scene 5
Page 144
King Lear : Make no noise , make no noise , draw the curtains. So ,so, so we’ll go to supper in morning .so,so,so
Fool : and i’ll go to bed at noon.
In that example why the author use that language becaus it allows a writer to achieve a sense of rhythm and order.
When sentence structures are not parallel, writing sounds awkward and choppy. Parallel clauses are usually combined with the use of a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
• Conclusion
Shakespeare has a clear and unique way to express human emotions are common place in everyday life. Some of the titles of Shakespeare's works even considered to affect minute by minute use of language, the works include King Lear.
Even in writing his book entitled King Lear , Shakespeare almost quote his own words. It seems that he used to use many symbol to express his feelings.
Some very familiar phrase used in our daily life, and some of which we consider to be a cliche. Regardless, this is actually a separate praise for writers who have gone hundreds of years ago.
William Shakespeare was the most influential writer of all-time, bringing a lyrical element to plays about great kings and poor paupers alike. His iambic pentameter verses utilized a natural rhythm of the English language and his themes as well as his literary devices continue to inspire and influence writers even now in the 21st century.
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